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Termites are known to take pollen and frequently see flowers,177 are regarded as potential pollinators for any number of flowering plants.178 One flower in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is frequently pollinated by foraging workers, and it's perhaps the only Orchidaceae blossom in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
Many plants have developed effective defences against termites. However, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only grow when they have passed the seedling phase.179 Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant compounds into the woody cell walls.180 This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When retained close to the infusion, they become disoriented and eventually die.181.
Termite populations can be substantially influenced by environmental changes including those caused by human intervention. A Brazilian study investigated the termite assemblages of 3 websites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites had been present in the 3 sites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects.
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The wood-feeders were the most badly affected feeding group. .
A termite nest can be considered as being composed of 2 parts, the inanimate and the animate. The animate is all of the termites living inside the colony, and the inanimate part is the structure itself, which can be constructed from the termites. Nests can be broadly divided into three main categories: subterranean (entirely below ground), epigeal (protruding above the soil surface), and arboreal (constructed above ground, but constantly connected to the ground via shelter tubes).184 Epigeal nests (mounds) protrude from the earth with ground contact and are created from ground and sand.
Most termites construct underground colonies rather than multifunctional nests and mounds.186 Primitive termites of today nest in wooden constructions such as logs, stumps and the dead portions of trees, as did termites millions of years back.184.
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To construct their nests, termites primarily utilize faeces, which have many desirable properties as a construction material. Other building materials include partly digested plant material, used in carton nests (arboreal nests built from faecal elements and wood), and dirt, utilized in subterranean nest and mound construction. Not many nests are observable, as many nests in tropical forests are located underground.186 Species in the subfamily Apicotermitinae are great examples of subterranean nest builders, as they only reside inside tunnels.
Nests and mounds shield the termites' delicate bodies against desiccation, mild, pathogens and parasites, as well as providing a fortification against predators.188Nests made from carton are particularly weak, and thus the inhabitants utilize counter-attack strategies against invading predators. .
Arboreal carton nests of mangrove swamp-dwelling Nasutitermes are enriched in lignin and depleted in cellulose and xylans. This change is caused by bacterial illness in the intestine of their termites: they use their faeces as a carton building substance. Arboreal termites nests can account for up to 2% of above ground carbon monoxide in Puerto Rican mangrove swamps.
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Nests are considered mounds if they protrude from the earth's surface. A mound provides termites the same protection for a nest but is stronger.189 Mounds located in regions having torrential and continuous rainfall are in danger of mound erosion as a result of their clay-rich construction. Those made from carton can provide protection against the rain, and in fact can withstand high precipitation.
By way of example, Cubitermes colonies construct narrow tunnels utilized as strong points, as the width of the tunnels is little enough for troops to block.192 A highly secure room, known as the"queens cell", houses the queen and king and is employed as a last line of defence. .
Species in the genus Macrotermes arguably construct the most complex structures in the insect world, constructing enormous mounds. These mounds are among the largest in the world, reaching a height of 8 to 9 metres (26 to 29 ft ), and consist of chimneys, pinnacles and ridges.56 Another termite species, Amitermes meridionalis, can construct nests 3Â to 4Â metres (9Â to 13 feet) high and 2.5 metres (8Â feet) wide.
The sculptured mounds occasionally have elaborate and distinctive forms, like the ones of their compass termite (Amitermes meridionalis and A. laurensis), which builds tall, wedge-shaped mounds using the long axis oriented about northsouth, which gives them their common name.194195 This orientation has been experimentally shown to assist thermoregulation. The north-south orientation causes the internal temperature of a mound to increase quickly during the morning while avoiding overheating from the midday sun.